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An Ethernet crossover cable is a crossover cable for Ethernet used to connect computing devices together directly. It is most often used to connect two devices of the same type, e.g. two computers (via their network interface controllers) or two switches to each other. By contrast, patch cables or straight through cables are used to connect devices of different types, such as a computer to a network switch or Ethernet hub.
Intentionally crossed wiring in the crossover cable connects the transmit signals at one end to the receive signals at the other end.
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Many devices today support auto MDI-X capability, wherein a patch cable can be used in place of a crossover cable, or vice versa, and the receive and transmit signals are reconfigured automatically within the devices to yield a working connection.
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Motivation[edit]
The 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX Ethernet standards use one wire pair for transmission in each direction. This requires that the transmit pair of each device be connected to the receive pair of the device on the other end. The 10BASE-T standard was devised to be used with existing twisted pair cable installations with straight-through connections.
When a terminal device (with an MDI port) is connected to a switch or hub, this crossover is done internally in the switch or hub (MDI-X port). A standard straight-through cable is used for this purpose where each pin of the connector on one end is connected to the corresponding pin on the other connector.
One terminal may be connected directly to another without the use of a switch or hub, but in that case the crossover must be done in the cabling. Since 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX use pairs 2 and 3, these two pairs must be swapped in the cable. This wiring scheme constitutes a crossover cable. A crossover cable may also be used to connect two hubs or two switches on their upstream ports.
Because the only difference between the T568A and T568B pin and pair assignments are that pairs 2 and 3 are swapped, a crossover cable may be envisioned as a cable with one modular connector following T568A and the other T568B (see TIA/EIA-568 wiring). Such a cable will work for 10BASE-T or 100BASE-TX.
The polarity of each pair is not swapped, but the pairs crossed as a unit: the two wires within each pair are not crossed.[1]
To | MDI | MDI-X | Auto MDI-X |
---|---|---|---|
MDI | crossover | straight | any |
MDI-X | straight | crossover | any |
Auto MDI-X | any | any | any |
Automatic crossover[edit]
Introduced in 1998, this made the distinction between uplink and normal ports and manual selector switches on older hubs and switches obsolete.[2] If one or both of two connected devices has the automatic MDI/MDI-X configuration feature, there is no need for crossover cables.
Although Auto MDI-X was specified as an optional feature in the 1000BASE-T standard,[3] in practice it is implemented widely on most interfaces.
Besides the eventually agreed upon Automatic MDI/MDI-X, this feature may also be referred to by various vendor-specific terms including: Auto uplink and trade, Universal Cable Recognition and Auto Sensing.
1000BASE-T and faster[edit]
In a departure from both 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX, 1000BASE-T and faster use all four cable pairs for simultaneous transmission in both directions through the use of telephone hybrid-like signal handling. For this reason, there are no dedicated transmit and receive pairs. 1000BASE-T and faster require either a straight or one of the crossover variants only for the autonegotiation phase. The physical medium attachment (PMA) sublayer provides identification of each pair and usually continues to work even over cable where the pairs are unusually swapped or crossed.[4]
Fiber[edit]
For most optical fiber variants of Ethernet, fibers are used in pairs with one fiber for each direction. The transmitter on one end of the connection needs to be connected to the receiver on the other and vice versa. For this, fiber patch cables with duplex connectors are normally configured as crossover as is the on-premises wiring.[citation needed] Thus, a simple connection with two patch cables at each end and a section of fixed cable in the middle has three crossovers in total, resulting in a working connection. Patch cable crossovers can usually be reconfigured very easily by swapping the connectors within a duplex bracket if required. Djay 2 download.
Pinouts[edit]
In practice, it does not matter if non-crossover Ethernet cables are wired as T568A or T568B, just so long as both ends follow the same wiring format. Typical commercially available 'pre-wired' cables can follow either format depending on the manufacturer. What this means is that one manufacturer's cables are wired one way and another's the other way, yet both are correct and will work. In either case, T568A or T568B, a normal (un-crossed) cable will have both ends wired identically according to the layout in either the Connection 1 column or the Connection 2 column.
Half crossed[edit]
Certain equipment or installations, including those in which phone and/or power are mixed with data in the same cable, may require that the 'non-data' pairs 1 and 4 (pins 4, 5, 7 and 8) remain un-crossed. This is the most common kind of crossover cable.
Pin | Connection 1: T568A | Connection 2: T568B | Pins on plug face | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
signal | pair | color | signal | pair | color | ||
1 | BI_DA+ | 3 | white/green stripe | BI_DB+ | 2 | white/orange stripe | |
2 | BI_DA- | 3 | green solid | BI_DB- | 2 | orange solid | |
3 | BI_DB+ | 2 | white/orange stripe | BI_DA+ | 3 | white/green stripe | |
4 | 1 | blue solid | 1 | blue solid | |||
5 | 1 | white/blue stripe | 1 | white/blue stripe | |||
6 | BI_DB- | 2 | orange solid | BI_DA- | 3 | green solid | |
7 | 4 | white/brown stripe | 4 | white/brown stripe | |||
8 | 4 | brown solid | 4 | brown solid |
Fully crossed[edit]
Pin | TIA/EIA 568-A | TIA/EIA 568-B | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Crossover | Normal | Crossover | |
1 | white/green stripe | white/orange stripe | white/orange stripe | white/green stripe |
2 | green solid | orange solid | orange solid | green solid |
3 | white/orange stripe | white/green stripe | white/green stripe | white/orange stripe |
4 | blue solid | white/brown stripe | blue solid | white/brown stripe |
5 | white/blue stripe | brown solid | white/blue stripe | brown solid |
6 | orange solid | green solid | green solid | orange solid |
7 | white/brown stripe | blue solid | white/brown stripe | blue solid |
8 | brown solid | white/blue stripe | brown solid | white/blue stripe |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Charles E. Spurgeon (2000). Ethernet: the Definitive Guide. O'Reilly Media. p. 247. ISBN978-1-56592-660-8.
- ^Daniel Dove (February 1998). '1000BASE-T Automatic Crossover Algorithm'(PDF). Presentation to IEEE 802.3ab working group. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
- ^ Clause '40.4.4 Automatic MDI/MDI-X Configuration' in IEEE 802.3-2008: ('IEEE 802.3-2008, Part 3'(PDF). 2010-06-22. p. 192. Retrieved 2011-02-07.
Implementation of an automatic MDI/MDI-X configuration is optional for 1000BASE-T devices.
) - ^IEEE 802.3-2012 40.1.4 Signaling
- ^Crossover Cable for 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX
What you need to install Windows 10 on Mac
What Is Crossover Cd Helper Mac And Windows 10
- MacBook introduced in 2015 or later
- MacBook Air introduced in 2012 or later
- MacBook Pro introduced in 2012 or later
- Mac mini introduced in 2012 or later
- iMac introduced in 2012 or later1
- iMac Pro (all models)
- Mac Pro introduced in 2013 or later
The latest macOS updates, which can include updates to Boot Camp Assistant. You will use Boot Camp Assistant to install Windows 10.
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64GB or more free storage space on your Mac startup disk:
- Your Mac can have as little as 64GB of free storage space, but at least 128GB of free storage space provides the best experience. Automatic Windows updates require that much space or more.
- If you have an iMac Pro or Mac Pro with 128GB of memory (RAM) or more, your startup disk needs at least as much free storage space as your Mac has memory.2
An external USB flash drive with a storage capacity of 16GB or more, unless you're using a Mac that doesn't need a flash drive to install Windows.
A 64-bit version of Windows 10 Home or Windows 10 Pro on a disk image (ISO) or other installation media. If installing Windows on your Mac for the first time, this must be a full version of Windows, not an upgrade.
- If your copy of Windows came on a USB flash drive, or you have a Windows product key and no installation disc, download a Windows 10 disk image from Microsoft.
- If your copy of Windows came on a DVD, you might need to create a disk image of that DVD.
How to install Windows 10 on Mac
To install Windows, use Boot Camp Assistant, which is included with your Mac.
1. Use Boot Camp Assistant to create a Windows partition
Open Boot Camp Assistant, which is in the Utilities folder of your Applications folder. Then follow the onscreen instructions.
- If you're asked to insert a USB drive, plug your USB flash drive into your Mac. Boot Camp Assistant will use it to create a bootable USB drive for Windows installation.
- When Boot Camp Assistant asks you to set the size of the Windows partition, remember the minimum storage-space requirements in the previous section. Set a partition size that meets your needs, because you can't change its size later.
2. Format the Windows (BOOTCAMP) partition
When Boot Camp Assistant finishes, your Mac restarts to the Windows installer. If the installer asks where to install Windows, select the BOOTCAMP partition and click Format. In most cases, the installer selects and formats the BOOTCAMP partition automatically.
3. Install Windows
Unplug any external devices that aren't necessary during installation. Then click Next and follow the onscreen instructions to begin installing Windows.
4. Use the Boot Camp installer in Windows
After Windows installation completes, your Mac starts up in Windows and opens a ”Welcome to the Boot Camp installer” window. Follow the onscreen instructions to install Boot Camp and Windows support software (drivers). You will be asked to restart when done.
- If the Boot Camp installer never opens, open the Boot Camp installer manually and use it to complete Boot Camp installation.
- If you have an external display connected to a Thunderbolt 3 port on your Mac, the display will be blank (black, gray, or blue) for up to 2 minutes during installation.
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How to switch between Windows and macOS
Restart, then press and hold the Option (or Alt) ⌥ key during startup to switch between Windows and macOS.
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If you have one of these Mac models using OS X El Capitan 10.11 or later, you don't need a USB flash drive to install Windows:
- MacBook introduced in 2015 or later
- MacBook Air introduced in 2015 or later3
- MacBook Pro introduced in 2015 or later3
- iMac introduced in 2015 or later
- iMac Pro (all models)
- Mac Pro introduced in late 2013
To remove Windows from your Mac, use Boot Camp Assistant, not any other utility.
For more information about using Windows on your Mac, open Boot Camp Assistant and click the Open Boot Camp Help button.
1. If you're using an iMac (Retina 5K, 27-inch, Late 2014) or iMac (27-inch, Late 2013) or iMac (27-inch, Late 2012) with a 3TB hard drive and macOS Mojave or later, learn about an alert you might see during installation.
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2. For example, if your Mac has 128GB of memory, its startup disk must have at least 128GB of storage space available for Windows. To see how much memory your Mac has, choose Apple menu > About This Mac. To see how much storage space is available, click the Storage tab in the same window.
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3. These Mac models were offered with 128GB hard drives as an option. Apple recommends 256GB or larger hard drives so that you can create a Boot Camp partition of at least 128GB.